- To What Extent Do the Benefits of Artificial Intelligence Outweigh Its Potential Risks In Mental Health
- Darya Rostem Ahmed, Koya University, Exeter university
Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming healthcare by improving disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment planning. In mental healthcare, AI technologies such as machine learning, predictive analytics, and conversational chatbots are increasingly being integrated into clinical practice (Tableau, 2026). However, the growing adoption of AI has also generated concerns regarding privacy, cybersecurity, algorithmic bias, and transparency, highlighting the need for responsible implementation and governance (Built In, 2025). Furthermore, Yoshua Bengio (2026) in his TED Talk argues that as AI systems become increasingly autonomous, stronger safety measures and human oversight are essential to minimise potential risks. Consequently, understanding whether AI’s benefits outweigh its challenges has become an important issue in modern mental healthcare (Fuller-Tyszkiewicz et al., 2025). Although AI presents challenges in mental healthcare, particularly concerns about patient privacy and data security, In the current essay, I argue that the benefits of AI outweigh these limitations because it improves the early detection of mental health disorders, expands access to mental health services, and enables more personalised and effective treatment when implemented alongside professional clinical judgement.
Early Detection and Predictive Screening in Mental Health
AI improves the early detection of mental health disorders by identifying symptoms more quickly and accurately than many traditional screening approaches. AI systems can analyse large amounts of behavioural and clinical data, including speech patterns, facial expressions, social media activity, and electronic health records, to identify early signs of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Furthermore, machine learning algorithms can recognise subtle behavioural changes that may not be immediately apparent to clinicians, allowing intervention before symptoms become more severe (Graham et al., 2019; Shatte et al., 2019). For example, AI-powered screening tools have demonstrated promising results in detecting depression through voice analysis and behavioural data, enabling earlier diagnosis and more timely treatment. Early identification is particularly important because prompt intervention can reduce symptom severity, improve recovery, and prevent mental health conditions from progressing. However, some critics argue that AI systems may produce inaccurate assessments because algorithms cannot fully understand the complexity of human emotions and may contain biases that lead to incorrect diagnoses (Bzdok & Meyer-Lindenberg, 2018). Unlike human clinicians, who consider personal history, cultural background, social circumstances, and non-verbal communication during assessment, AI systems primarily rely on patterns identified from existing datasets. Consequently, if these datasets are incomplete or unrepresentative, AI models may generate biased or inaccurate predictions (Obermeyer et al., 2019). For example, an algorithm developed using predominantly Western populations may perform less accurately when assessing individuals from different cultural backgrounds, where emotional expression and help-seeking behaviours differ. Such errors may result in false-positive or false-negative assessments, potentially delaying treatment or leading to unnecessary interventions (Topol, 2019). Nevertheless, these limitations do not diminish AI’s overall value in early detection. Rather than replacing clinical judgement, AI provides clinicians with additional information that supports more informed decision-making. By rapidly processing large volumes of data and identifying patterns that might otherwise remain unnoticed, AI enables healthcare professionals to investigate potential concerns earlier while still relying on their own expertise to confirm diagnoses and determine appropriate treatment. In my view, the greatest strength of AI lies not in making independent decisions but in enhancing clinicians’ ability to recognise patients who require further assessment. Therefore, although concerns regarding diagnostic accuracy are valid, AI’s ability to facilitate earlier identification of mental health disorders demonstrates that its benefits outweigh its potential risks.
Expanding Access to Mental Healthcare Services
AI expands access to mental health services by providing immediate and affordable support to individuals who might otherwise receive little or no care. AI-powered chatbots and virtual mental health assistants can offer psychoeducation, emotional support, symptom monitoring, and coping strategies twenty-four hours a day (Graham et al., 2019; Fuller-Tyszkiewicz et al., 2025). AI is also increasingly being applied through predictive analytics, intelligent virtual assistants, and automated decision-support systems across healthcare, demonstrating its potential to improve service accessibility and support clinical decision-making (Tableau, 2026). These technologies are particularly beneficial for people living in rural or underserved communities where access to psychologists and psychiatrists is limited (Shatte et al., 2019). Furthermore, AI can reduce long waiting times by providing immediate support while individuals wait for professional treatment, helping to ensure that people receive timely assistance rather than remaining without care. For example, several AI-based mental health applications provide evidence-based self-help resources, monitor users’ wellbeing, and encourage individuals to seek professional support when symptoms become more severe (Graham et al., 2019; Fuller-Tyszkiewicz et al., 2025). However, some people argue that AI lacks empathy, emotional understanding, and the ability to establish therapeutic relationships, making it unsuitable for treating complex mental health conditions. Because effective psychotherapy relies on trust, compassion, and emotional connection, some believe that AI cannot provide the same quality of care as trained mental health professionals (Fuller-Tyszkiewicz et al., 2025). Nevertheless, this criticism overlooks the intended purpose of most AI mental health technologies. AI is not designed to replace psychotherapy but to improve access to basic mental health support, particularly for individuals who might otherwise receive no assistance at all. While AI cannot replicate genuine human empathy, it can provide immediate guidance, monitor symptoms over time, encourage self-management, and identify individuals who require urgent professional intervention (Graham et al., 2019). This suggests that AI should be viewed as a complementary resource that helps bridge gaps in mental healthcare rather than a substitute for therapists. Therefore, although AI cannot replace the therapeutic relationship established by clinicians, its ability to improve access to mental healthcare strongly supports the argument that its benefits outweigh its limitations.
Personalised and Data-Driven Treatment Approaches
AI also enables more personalised and effective mental health treatment by tailoring interventions according to each individual’s unique needs and clinical characteristics. By analysing patient history, symptoms, previous treatment responses, and behavioural patterns, AI can identify trends that help clinicians recommend interventions that are more likely to be effective (Topol, 2019; Graham et al., 2019). In addition, AI can continuously monitor patients’ progress through wearable devices and digital applications, alerting healthcare professionals when symptoms worsen or when treatment adjustments may be required (Shatte et al., 2019). Predictive algorithms can also identify individuals who are at greater risk of relapse, allowing earlier intervention before their condition deteriorates (Topol, 2019). As mental health conditions often vary considerably between individuals, this personalised approach has the potential to improve treatment outcomes while reducing unnecessary trial-and-error prescribing or therapeutic interventions (Fuller-Tyszkiewicz et al., 2025). However, some critics argue that relying heavily on AI for personalised treatment may reduce the role of clinicians and fail to consider important social, emotional, and cultural factors that cannot easily be measured by algorithms (Bzdok & Meyer-Lindenberg, 2018). Mental health is influenced by complex life experiences, family relationships, personal beliefs, and cultural values, many of which cannot be fully captured through quantitative data alone. Consequently, there are concerns that AI-generated recommendations may oversimplify patients’ needs and overlook important contextual information. Nevertheless, personalised treatment should not be viewed as a choice between AI and human expertise. Instead, AI offers an additional source of clinical insight that complements professional judgement by identifying patterns that may not be immediately visible during routine consultations (Topol, 2019). While clinicians contribute empathy, communication skills, and contextual understanding, AI contributes speed, consistency, and the ability to analyse extensive datasets. Taken together, these complementary strengths suggest that AI can support more informed and individualised treatment decisions without replacing the clinician’s central role (Fuller-Tyszkiewicz et al., 2025). Therefore, although AI cannot fully account for every aspect of human experience, its ability to enhance personalised care demonstrates that its advantages outweigh its limitations in mental healthcare.
Concession: Privacy, Ethics, and Governance Concerns
Although AI offers significant benefits in mental healthcare, concerns regarding patient privacy, data security, transparency, and ethical governance should not be underestimated. AI systems require access to large amounts of sensitive personal information, increasing the risk of privacy breaches, cyberattacks, and unauthorised data use (Thomas, M., 2026). Furthermore, some AI algorithms operate as “black boxes”, making it difficult for clinicians and patients to understand how recommendations are generated and raising important questions about accountability and trust (Topol, 2019). As highlighted by Yoshua Bengio (2026), increasingly autonomous AI systems may create substantial risks if they are developed without appropriate safeguards, transparency, and regulatory oversight. Although his discussion focuses on AI more broadly than mental healthcare, it reinforces the importance of ensuring that AI systems remain safe, explainable, and under meaningful human control. Consequently, some experts argue that these concerns may limit the safe integration of AI into clinical practice (Fuller-Tyszkiewicz et al., 2025). However, these risks do not necessarily outweigh AI’s benefits because they can be substantially reduced through responsible implementation and effective regulation. Strong data protection legislation, transparent algorithm development, regular bias testing, ethical review processes, and continuous clinical oversight can significantly improve the safety and reliability of AI systems (Thomas, M., 2026; Fuller-Tyszkiewicz et al., 2025). This suggests that the risks associated with AI arise primarily from how technology is designed and governed rather than from AI itself. Therefore, provided that appropriate safeguards are maintained, AI can continue to improve mental healthcare while protecting patient safety and public trust.
Conclusion
AI is becoming an increasingly valuable tool in modern mental healthcare by improving the early detection of mental health disorders, expanding access to psychological support, and enabling more personalised treatment. Although concerns regarding diagnostic accuracy, privacy, algorithmic bias, and ethical governance are valid, these limitations should not overshadow AI’s considerable potential to improve patient care. Throughout this essay, it has been argued that AI is most effective when used to support rather than replace mental health professionals. By combining advanced data analysis with clinical expertise, AI can contribute to earlier diagnosis, greater accessibility, and more informed treatment decisions while maintaining patient safety and ethical standards. Therefore, despite the challenges associated with its implementation, the benefits of AI outweigh its potential risks, provided that it is used responsibly under appropriate human supervision and regulatory oversight.
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From Kurdistan to UK: My Culture Shock as a Kurdish Postgraduate Student
Darya Ahmed Koya University Iraq, Univ. of Exeter UK
Moving from the Kurdistan Region of Iraq to the UK to study as a postgraduate student at the University of Exeter has been much more than an academic journey. It has also been a psychological, cultural and personal transition.
I had travelled internationally before, but living in another country is very different from visiting one. You don’t simply observe the culture—you experience its weather, relationships, communication styles, expectations, lifestyle and social environment every day.
For me, moving from Kurdistan to Exeter has become a real-life lesson in culture and psychology.
The first shock: the weather
Coming from Kurdistan, where summers can be extremely hot and dry, the UK’s cooler temperatures, rain, wind, clouds and rapidly changing weather were one of my first culture shocks.
In Kurdistan, sunshine is almost something we take for granted. Here, I quickly learned that you can leave home with sunshine and return in the rain.
But weather is more than just a practical issue. It influences routines, outdoor activities, social interaction and sometimes mood. Coming from a much warmer environment, I noticed how differently the climate can shape everyday life.
From collectivism to individualism
The deeper culture shock, however, has been social rather than environmental.
Kurdistan is relatively collectivist. Family, relatives, neighbours and friends are deeply involved in everyday life. If you have a problem, there is usually someone you can call.
Even simple greetings are important. In Kurdistan, you can say hello to almost everyone—your neighbour, a shopkeeper, another student or even someone you don’t know well. Greeting people is a small but meaningful form of social connection.
In my first days of class in Exeter, I would arrive every morning and say, “Good morning” to the other students. Sometimes people replied, but often they barely responded.
I initially wondered whether I was doing something wrong. Then I simply smiled, observed and realised that people generally did not greet each other when entering or leaving the classroom in the same way I was accustomed to.
People here can be very friendly and polite, but social interaction often feels more private and individualised.
In Kurdistan, if you need something, you can easily ask your neighbour. If something happens at home, there is often an expectation that people around you will help.
Here, I sometimes feel a stronger boundary around people’s private lives. If something serious happened at my home—even something like a fire—I might hesitate before asking a neighbour for help because I have become conscious of the idea of “minding your own business.”
Of course, this is my perception as someone adapting to another culture, and it does not mean British people would not help in an emergency. It is more about differences in social expectations and personal boundaries.
Culture shock and the biopsychosocial model
The biopsychosocial model helps me understand this transition.
Our wellbeing is influenced by biological, psychological and social factors.
The biological side includes adapting to a different climate, daily routine, sleep and physical environment.
The psychological side includes uncertainty, identity, expectations, stress and learning new social norms.
The social side includes family, friendships, community, cultural expectations and the support available around us.
Moving from Kurdistan to Exeter has affected all three.
This is why culture shock is not simply “missing home.” It is a multidimensional process that can influence how we think, feel, behave and connect with others.
Homelessness: an unexpected cultural shock
One of the things that surprised me most was seeing so many people experiencing homelessness.
Before coming to the UK, I assumed that because there are social security systems, healthcare services and employment support, homelessness would be relatively uncommon.
What surprised me even more was comparing this with Kurdistan.
We have economic hardship, unemployment and many social problems, but I rarely saw homelessness in the same way.
One day, I was talking with a Chinese fellow student and asked him, “Do you have homeless people in China?”
He said that homelessness exists, but he was also surprised by how visible it is here.
This made me think about the role of the social environment.
In Kurdistan, when someone loses a job or faces financial difficulties, family and community networks often provide a safety net. Someone may move back with their parents, stay with relatives, receive financial help, or rely on neighbours.
This does not mean Kurdistan has solved poverty or unemployment. Far from it.
It means that strong social connections can sometimes protect people from becoming completely socially disconnected.
The UK has much stronger formal welfare systems, but formal services cannot completely replace informal family and community support.
At the same time, homelessness cannot simply be explained as people being “lazy” or choosing that lifestyle. It can involve poverty, housing costs, unemployment, trauma, mental health difficulties, substance use, family breakdown and many other factors.
This was an important lesson for me: having a developed welfare system does not mean a society is free from social suffering.
Mental health: a different balance of risks and protective factors
This has also changed how I think about mental health in Kurdistan and the UK.
In Kurdistan, unemployment, corruption, economic uncertainty, political problems and climate change can create significant psychological stress.
However, strong family and community support can be a powerful protective factor.
In the UK, I have noticed stronger formal systems of healthcare, welfare and employment support, but also a more individualistic social environment.
This creates an interesting contrast.
In Kurdistan, some structural conditions may increase psychological risk, while social connectedness can provide protection.
In the UK, formal systems may provide important protection, while social isolation and weaker informal networks can create different challenges.
Neither society is perfect.
Learning to observe rather than judge
Perhaps the biggest lesson from this experience is learning to observe before judging.
When something is unfamiliar, we naturally interpret it through the culture we already know.
Someone who seems distant may simply be respecting personal boundaries.
Someone who seems highly involved may simply be showing care.
Someone who lives independently may have learned to rely primarily on themselves.
And someone experiencing homelessness may be facing a complex combination of social, economic and psychological difficulties that cannot be understood from a brief observation.
Culture teaches us what feels “normal.”
Living abroad teaches us that normality is often cultural.
Conclusion
Moving from Kurdistan to Exeter has sometimes been uncomfortable. There have been moments of confusion, surprise, loneliness and constant comparison.
But I increasingly see these experiences as opportunities for growth.
I don’t think the lesson is that one culture is better than the other.
Kurdistan has strong family and community connections, but also serious economic and structural challenges.
The UK offers strong formal systems and greater individual autonomy, but it also faces homelessness, inequality, social isolation and other complex problems.
Perhaps the best approach is not to choose between collectivism and individualism, but to learn from both.
We need autonomy and connection, independence and community, formal support and informal support.
As a Kurdish postgraduate student in Exeter, I am learning that adapting to another culture does not mean leaving my own culture behind.
Instead, it means carrying my own perspective with me while becoming open enough to understand another.
Personal reflections by Dr Rohit Walwaikar.
Entering this year, we see a lot of political insurgencies all around the world. The authors at Global Psychiatric Association have delved into the dimensions and effects of war on mental health. War has a devastating impact on communities, not only physically but also mentally. The psychological toll of war can be far-reaching, affecting individuals, families, and entire societies long after the conflict has ended. Managing mental health in war situations requires a multi-dimensional approach that takes into account the unique challenges posed by the violence, trauma, and displacement associated with conflict. In this blog, we will explore some key self-help strategies for displaced people that can support mental health and facilitate recovery in difficult circumstances.
Building a Routine for Stability:
One of the first challenges displaced individuals face is the lack of structure and routine, which can lead to feelings of anxiety, helplessness, and isolation. Establishing a daily routine can provide a sense of normalcy and control, helping to reduce stress.
Create a Simple Daily Schedule: Establish a set time to wake up, eat meals, exercise, and go to sleep. Even small activities like making your bed or organizing your living space can help to bring structure to your day.
Set Achievable Goals: Break down tasks into smaller, manageable steps. This might include finding basic necessities (food, water, hygiene products), learning about the new environment, or engaging in activities that promote mental well-being.
Mindfulness and Breathing Exercises:
Mindfulness practices can help displaced individuals manage stress, reduce anxiety, and reconnect with the present moment, particularly when they are overwhelmed by memories of the past or fears about the future.
Breathing Exercises: Focused breathing techniques, such as deep breathing or diaphragmatic breathing, can help calm the nervous system. For example, the “4-7-8 technique” involves inhaling for four seconds, holding the breath for seven seconds, and exhaling slowly for eight seconds. Practicing this regularly can reduce tension and help manage feelings of panic.
Mindfulness Meditation: Even a few minutes of mindfulness meditation each day can provide a mental break from distressing thoughts. Practicing mindfulness involves observing thoughts and feelings without judgment, which can help individuals detach from overwhelming emotions and develop a sense of peace.
Social Connections and Peer Support:
Social isolation is a common issue for displaced people, and the lack of social support can exacerbate feelings of sadness and loneliness. However, building new social connections and seeking peer support can significantly enhance psychological resilience.
Seek Out Support Groups: Many refugee camps, shelters, and community organizations offer peer support groups for displaced people. Connecting with others who have shared similar experiences can reduce feelings of isolation, provide emotional validation, and foster a sense of community.
Reach Out to Family and Friends: Staying in touch with loved ones, if possible, can help alleviate loneliness and provide emotional support. Even when physical distances are great, staying connected through phone calls, messages, or video chats can help maintain a sense of connection.
Expressive Activities for Emotional Processing:
Expressing emotions in healthy ways can be a powerful tool for processing trauma and reducing psychological distress. Displaced individuals can engage in creative outlets that allow them to explore and release their emotions.
Journaling: Writing about experiences, thoughts, and feelings can provide an outlet for emotional expression. Journaling offers a private space for displaced individuals to process their trauma and reflect on their journey, which can promote emotional healing.
Art and Music Therapy: Engaging in artistic activities such as drawing, painting, or making music allows displaced people to express complex emotions that might be difficult to put into words. Art therapy can promote emotional release, offer relaxation, and help individuals gain a sense of control over their lives.
Physical Activity and Self-Care:
Physical health is closely linked to mental health, and maintaining a healthy body can help improve emotional well-being. Engaging in physical activity, even in small ways, can reduce stress, improve mood, and promote a sense of accomplishment.
Exercise: Even simple exercises, such as walking, stretching, or practicing yoga, can have significant benefits for mental health. Exercise releases endorphins, which are natural mood boosters, and can help manage anxiety and depression.
Sleep Hygiene: Poor sleep can exacerbate mental health issues, making it crucial to establish good sleep habits. Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, limiting caffeine intake, and creating a calm sleep environment can promote better rest and improve emotional resilience.
Cognitive Restructuring:
Displacement often comes with feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, which can negatively impact mental health. Cognitive restructuring involves challenging negative thought patterns and replacing them with more realistic and positive perspectives.
Reframe Negative Thoughts: Practice identifying unhelpful or negative thoughts and replacing them with more balanced perspectives. For example, instead of thinking “I have lost everything,” try reframing it as “I have experienced loss, but I am still strong, and I can rebuild my life.”
Practice Gratitude: Despite the challenges, focusing on small things for which you are grateful can help shift the focus from loss to resilience. Keeping a gratitude journal and writing down things you appreciate—whether it’s a kind word from someone or the beauty of nature—can provide a sense of hope and optimism.
Accessing Available Resources:
Displaced individuals may feel overwhelmed and uncertain about the resources available to them in their new environment. Identifying and accessing resources that can support mental and physical health is an important part of self-help.
Health and Psychological Services: Many organizations, such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and local NGOs, offer mental health and counseling services to displaced populations. It’s important to seek out these resources, even if they are unfamiliar, to receive professional support.
Legal and Social Support: Navigating legal systems and social services can be difficult, but accessing assistance for housing, food, and legal status can reduce stress and improve overall well-being. Local refugee or migrant organizations can help displaced individuals access these essential services.
Spiritual Practices and Meaning-Making:
For many displaced individuals, spirituality and religion provide a sense of hope, comfort, and meaning during times of crisis. Spiritual practices can offer emotional resilience and a framework for understanding suffering.
Prayer and Meditation: Engaging in prayer or meditation can be a powerful source of comfort. For those who follow a particular religion, connecting with their faith community or engaging in personal rituals can foster a sense of peace and connection to something greater.
Seeking Meaning in Suffering: In the face of extreme hardship, finding meaning in one’s experiences—whether through faith, personal growth, or community support—can help displaced individuals cope with the psychological toll of displacement. Reflecting on how one can contribute to rebuilding communities or help others who have suffered can create a sense of purpose. These are personal reflections by Dr Rohit Walwaikar.